DNA sequencing is the process of determining the sequence of nucleotide bases (As, Ts, Cs, and Gs) in a piece of DNA. Today, with the right equipment and materials, sequencing a short piece of DNA is …

DNA sequencing is a method used to determine the precise order of nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) within a DNA molecule. Here's a more detailed explanation of the process:

Key points: DNA cloning is a molecular biology technique that makes many identical copies of a piece of DNA, such as a gene. In a typical cloning experiment, a target gene is inserted into a circular piece …

As mentioned above, an organism's DNA can be divided into functional units called genes . Each gene consists of a sequence of DNA, and that sequence provides instructions to build a product needed …

Using PCR, a DNA sequence can be amplified millions or billions of times, producing enough DNA copies to be analyzed using other techniques. For instance, the DNA may be visualized by gel …

Examine key tools such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gel electrophoresis, and DNA sequencing. Discover how these methods advance research, medicine, and biotechnology applications.

How can pieces of DNA from different sources (such as a human gene and a bacterial plasmid) be joined together to make a single DNA molecule? One common method is based on restriction …

DNA is made up of four types of nucleotides: adenine (A), cytosine (C), thymine (T), and guanine (G). Each nucleotide consists of a phosphate group (P), a deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

Each gene (or, in bacteria, each group of genes transcribed together) has its own promoter. A promoter contains DNA sequences that let RNA polymerase or its helper proteins attach to the DNA.

How are the instructions for building a protein encoded in DNA, and how are they deciphered by the cell? In this article, we'll take a closer look at the genetic code, which allows DNA and RNA …